Inganda z’impumuro nziza n’uburyohe bw’igihugu cyanjye ni inganda zishingiye ku isoko kandi zihujwe ku isi hose. Amasosiyete acuruza impumuro nziza n’impumuro nziza aherereye mu Bushinwa, kandi ibicuruzwa byinshi byo mu gihugu imbere n’impumuro nziza byoherezwa mu mahanga ku bwinshi. Nyuma y’imyaka irenga 20 y’iterambere, inganda z’igihugu cyanjye zikoresha impumuro nziza n’impumuro nziza zagiye zishingira ku guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, zikomeza guteza imbere umusaruro n’imikorere, kandi inganda zageze ku iterambere rigaragara.
Uburyohe bw'inganda butandukanye n'uburyohe bwa buri munsi bw'ibinyabutabire n'uburyohe bw'ibiribwa. Uburyohe bw'inganda burangwa n'impumuro mbi, ubwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi n'impumuro iramba. Bukoreshwa cyane cyane muri pulasitiki, kabutike, irangi ry'ibinyabutabire n'irangi. Bukoreshwa mu gupfuka impumuro no kongera impumuro kugira ngo bugere ku rwego rwiza rwo kugurisha.
Uburyohe bw'inganda ni ingenzi mu nganda zitunganya ibirungo. Impumuro nziza ni yo ikoreshwa mu kuvanga uburyohe; uburyohe bukoreshwa cyane mu biribwa, ibinyobwa, inzoga, itabi, isabune, amavuta yo kwisiga, uburoso bwo koza amenyo, imiti, ibiryo, imyenda n'inganda z'uruhu. Uretse imibavu, ingano y'ibirungo mu bicuruzwa bitandukanye ni 0.3-3% gusa, ariko bigira uruhare runini mu bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa, bityo uburyohe bwitwa "ubugingo" bw'ibirungo.
Biyobowe n’udushya mu bya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi n’umurimo wo kwigisha inganda z’impumuro nziza n’uburyohe byo mu gihugu cyanjye byageze ku musaruro ushimishije. Dufate urugero rw’ishuri rya mbere ry’Ikigo cy’Ikoranabuhanga cya Shanghai, amahugurwa y’abakozi ba siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga n’ibyo ryagezeho mu bya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga byatanze umusaruro. Ishuri ryashyizeho umwanya wo guhugura impano zo "guhugura impano zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga zifite umwuka wo guhanga udushya n’ubushobozi bufatika, n’abahanga beza cyane mu by’ibyerekezo mpuzamahanga", kandi ryashinze "gukorera iterambere ry’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza mu karere, gukorera inganda zigezweho mu mijyi, no gukorera imishinga mito n’iciriritse. Imijyi n’ibigo bito n’ibiciriritse, bifite icyicaro i Shanghai, bireba uruzi rwa Yangtze Delta, bikwirakwira mu gihugu hose, kandi bihura n’ibikenewe mu mibereho myiza".
Igihe cyo kubika impumuro nziza y’umusemburo muri rusange ni amezi 3-15. Kubera ko ubwoko butandukanye bw’impumuro bufite umuvuduko utandukanye wo kubika impumuro mu bicuruzwa bitandukanye, bitewe n’ubwoko n’uburyo bw’impumuro, kandi umwuka utemba ari umwanzi w’impumuro nziza y’umusemburo n’ifu y’impumuro nziza, ibicuruzwa byarangiye bipfunyikwa bigashyirwa mu gasanduku. Imitako n’udupapuro tw’umusemburo ku buso bw’ibicuruzwa byarangiye bishobora kugabanya kubika impumuro mbi mu gihe cyo kubibika, bityo bikongera igihe cyo kubika impumuro nziza y’umusemburo.
Uburyo bwo gukuramo dioxyde de carbone ikoresheje imbaraga nyinshi bukoreshwa mu gukuramo amavuta ahinduka ya frangipani ikorerwa muri Laos. Muri icyo gihe, ikoranabuhanga rya chromatography-mass spectrometry rikoreshwa mu gusesengura imiterere y'amavuta ahinduka, ibyo bikaba bitanga ishingiro rya siyansi mu iterambere ryuzuye no gukoreshwa kwa frangipani. Binyuze mu bushakashatsi bw'igerageza, itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi rya siyansi ryagennye imiterere y'uburyo amavuta ya frangipani ahinduka imbaraga nyinshi: igitutu cya 25Mpa, ubushyuhe bwa 45°C, igitutu cya 12Mpa cyo gutandukanya, n'ubushyuhe bwa 1 bwo gutandukanya 55°C. Muri ibi bihe, umusaruro mpuzandengo w'umusaruro ni 5.8927%, uruta cyane umusaruro w'umusaruro w'umusaruro w'ikizamini cyo gukaraba umwuka wa 0.0916%.
Isoko ry'ibirungo n'impumuro nziza mu Bushinwa rifite amahirwe menshi yo gutera imbere n'isoko. Amasosiyete mpuzamahanga azwi cyane akora ibirungo n'impumuro nziza yashoye imari mu Bushinwa. Bitewe n'izina ryayo mpuzamahanga n'inyungu zayo mu ikoranabuhanga, yigaruriye igice kinini cy'isoko ry'ibirungo n'impumuro nziza mu gihugu hagati kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru. Muri icyo gihe, nyuma y'imyaka myinshi y'iterambere, amasosiyete y'abikorera ku giti cyabo akora ibirungo n'impumuro nziza mu gihugu yavutsemo amasosiyete menshi akomeye mu nganda. Bishingikirije ku bumenyi bwabo ku birungo byo mu gihugu, ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa buhamye, ibiciro by'ibirungo biri ku rwego rwo hejuru, na serivisi za tekiniki zitekerejweho, aya masosiyete yigenga yagiye arushaho gukundwa n'abakiriya bayo bo hagati kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru, kandi uruhare rwabo ku isoko n'ikirango byabo byariyongereye umunsi ku wundi.
Irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, impumuro ikomeye, igumana impumuro nziza, nibindi. Ikoreshwa mu bicuruzwa bya pulasitiki, ibikoresho bya kabutura, pulasitiki, ibikoresho byinkweto, udusashe, ubukorikori, imyenda, gupfunyika ibicuruzwa, aho umwuka usohoka, ibyumba bya hoteri, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikoresho byo mu nzu, ibikoresho byo mu modoka, ibice by'imbere mu modoka, nibindi. Biroroshye cyane gukoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho bya pulasitiki, kugira ngo ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bigumane impumuro nziza.
Umusaruro n'iterambere ry'inganda zikora uburyohe n'impumuro nziza bihuye n'iterambere ry'inganda zishyigikira nk'inganda, ibinyobwa, n'imiti ikoreshwa buri munsi. Impinduka zihuse mu nganda zikora uburyohe n'impumuro nziza zateje imbere imikorere y'inganda zikora uburyohe n'impumuro nziza, hamwe no kunoza ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa, kwiyongera guhoraho mu bwoko butandukanye, umusaruro n'ibicuruzwa. Bikomeje kwiyongera uko umwaka utashye. Kugira ngo harebwe ko hari byinshi mu nganda zikora uburyohe n'iterambere ry'isoko ry'ibicuruzwa bicuruzwa, uburyo bwo guteza imbere impinduka no kuzamura inganda bwabaye ikibazo gikunze kugaragara ku nganda.
Uretse ibigo binini byo mu mahanga mu bigo bitanga umusaruro mu Bushinwa, ibigo bya leta bifite ubushakashatsi buke bw’ibanze, ubumenyi buke mu bya tekiniki, uburyo budahinduka bwo gucunga, n’ubumenyi buke mu gutanga serivisi, byatumye umuvuduko w’iterambere ryabo ugabanuka cyangwa ndetse ugabanuka. Bitewe n’inkunga ya politiki y’igihugu iriho, ibigo by’imijyi n’abikorera byateye imbere vuba. Bitewe n’uburyo bwabo bwo gukora buhindagurika na serivisi zitekerejweho, byashimiwe n’abakoresha, kandi isoko ryabo rikomeje kwaguka. Ariko, ku bigo byinshi byigenga, bitewe n’ishingiro ribi ry’ubukungu n’ikoranabuhanga, ubumenyi buke mu bicuruzwa, n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa budahamye, iki kibazo kizatuma inganda zihuzwa kandi zigatanga umusingi ku bayobozi b’inganda kugira ngo barusheho gukomera.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-06-2024