Impumuro nziza n'impumuro nziza mu bijyanye no kwisiga

Uburyohe bugizwe n'ikintu kimwe cyangwa byinshi bigize organic bifite impumuro nziza, muri izi organic molecules hari amatsinda amwe n'amwe y'ahumura. Bihurizwa hamwe mu buryo butandukanye muri molecule, ku buryo uburyohe bufite amoko atandukanye y'impumuro nziza n'impumuro nziza.

Uburemere bwa molekile muri rusange buri hagati ya 26 na 300, bushongeshwa mu mazi, etanoli cyangwa ibindi bintu bishongesha ibinyabuzima. Molekile igomba kuba irimo itsinda rya atome nka 0H, -co -, -NH, na -SH, ari byo byitwa itsinda rya aromatic cyangwa itsinda rya aromatic. Aya matsinda y'umusatsi atuma impumuro itanga ibintu bitandukanye, bigatuma abantu bumva imibavu itandukanye.

Ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'uburyohe

Dukurikije uko isoko ribivuga, uburyohe karemano bushobora kugabanywamo uburyohe karemano n'uburyohe bwa sintetike. Uburyohe karemano bushobora kugabanywamo uburyohe karemano bw'inyamaswa n'uburyohe karemano bw'ibimera. Ibirungo bya sintetike bishobora kugabanywamo uburyohe butandukanye, uburyohe bwa shimi n'uburyohe bwo kuvanga, uburyohe bwa sintetike bugabanywamo uburyohe bwa sintetike n'uburyohe bwa sintetike bwuzuye.

Uburyohe karemano

Uburyohe karemano buvuga ibice by’umwimerere n’ibitaratunganywa by’impumuro nziza by’inyamaswa n’ibimera; Cyangwa impumuro nziza ivanywemo cyangwa itunganywa hakoreshejwe uburyo bufatika idahinduye imiterere yayo karemano. Uburyohe karemano burimo uburyohe karemano bw’inyamaswa n’ibimera mu byiciro bibiri.

Uburyohe karemano bw'inyamaswa

Ubwoko bw'uburyohe karemano bw'inyamaswa ni buke, ahanini bugamije gusohora cyangwa gusohora inyamaswa, hari ubwoko bugera ku icumi bw'uburyohe bw'inyamaswa bukoreshwa, ubu ikoreshwa ry'ubundi buryohe ni: musk, ambergris, civet umwotsi, castoren ubu buryohe bune bw'inyamaswa.

Uburyohe karemano bw'ibimera

Uburyohe karemano bw'ibimera ni isoko nyamukuru y'uburyohe karemano, ubwoko bw'uburyohe bw'ibimera burimo uburyohe bwinshi, kandi uburyo bwo kuvura buratandukanye. Abantu basanze hari ubwoko burenga 3600 bw'ibimera bihumura neza mu bidukikije, nka mint, lavender, peonie, jasmine, cloves, nibindi, ariko ni ubwoko 400 gusa bwo gukoresha neza buhari ubu. Dukurikije imiterere yabyo, bishobora kugabanywamo terpenoids, amatsinda ya aliphatic, amatsinda ahumura neza n'ibinyabutabire bya azote na sulfur.

uburyohe bw'ubukorano

Uburyohe bwa sintetike ni ikintu gitegurwa hakoreshejwe uburyohe bwa shimi hakoreshejwe ibikoresho karemano cyangwa ibikoresho fatizo bya shimi. Kuri ubu, hari ubwoko bugera kuri 4000 ~ 5000 bw'uburyohe bwa sintetike nk'uko inyandiko zibivuga, kandi ubwoko bugera kuri 700 ni bwo bukoreshwa cyane. Mu buryo bw'uburyohe bwa none, uburyohe bwa sintetike bugera kuri 85%.

Impumuro nziza

Impumuro mbi ni ibintu bivanze n’impumuro mbi bivanywe mu buryo bw’umubiri cyangwa imiti. Bifite imiterere imwe n’imiterere isobanutse neza ya molekile, ariko bifite impumuro imwe, kandi bigomba gukoreshwa hamwe n’izindi mpumuro mbi cyangwa zikozwe mu buryo bw’ubukorano.

Uburyohe bukozwe mu buryo buciriritse

Uburyohe bukozwe mu buryo bwa “semi-synthetic” ni ubwoko bw'uburyohe bukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyohe bwa “chemical reaction”, bukaba ari ingenzi mu buryohe bukorwa mu buryo bwa “synthetic”. Muri iki gihe, ubwoko burenga 150 bw'ibicuruzwa bikozwe mu buryo bwa “semi-synthetic” byashyizwe mu nganda.

Uburyohe bwuzuye bwa sintetike

Uburyohe bwuzuye bwa sintetike ni ikinyabutabire kiboneka binyuze mu buryo bwa multi-step chemical synthesis reaction y'ibikomoka kuri peteroli cyangwa amakara nk'ibikoresho by'ibanze. Ni "ibikoresho by'umwimerere by'ubukorano" byateguwe hakurikijwe inzira yashyizweho ya sintetike. Hari ubwoko burenga 5.000 bw'uburyohe bwa sintetike ku isi, kandi hari ubwoko burenga 1.400 bw'uburyohe bwa sintetike bwemewe mu Bushinwa, hamwe n'ubwoko burenga 400 bw'ibicuruzwa bikunze gukoreshwa.

Kuvanga uburyohe

Kuvanga bivuga uruvange rw'uburyohe bwinshi cyangwa bwinshi bw'ubukorano (ibirungo bisanzwe, ibirungo by'ubukorano n'ibirungo byatandukanye) hamwe n'impumuro cyangwa impumuro runaka ishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye mu kuryoha kw'ibicuruzwa, bizwi kandi nka essence.

Dukurikije imikorere y'uburyohe mu kuvanga, ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitanu: impumuro nyamukuru, n'impumuro, guhindura, impumuro idahinduka n'impumuro. Ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: impumuro y'umutwe, impumuro y'umubiri n'impumuro y'ibanze bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'uburyohe n'igihe cyo kubika.

Ishyirahamwe ry'impumuro nziza

Poucher yasohoye uburyo bwo gushyira impumuro mu byiciro hakurikijwe impumuro yazo ihindagurika. Yasuzumye impumuro 330 karemano n’izikozwe mu buryo bwa sintetike n’izindi mpumuro, azishyira mu byiciro by’impumuro z’ibanze, iz’umubiri n’iz’ibanze akurikije igihe zimaze ku rupapuro.

Poucher igena igipimo cya "1" ku bafite impumuro yatakaye mu gihe kitarenze umunsi umwe, "2" ku bafite impumuro yatakaye mu gihe kitarenze iminsi ibiri, bityo ikagera kuri "100", nyuma yaho ntiyongera gushyirwa mu byiciro. Ishyira 1 kugeza kuri 14 nk'impumuro yo mu mutwe 15 kugeza kuri 60 nk'impumuro yo mu mubiri na 62 kugeza kuri 100 nk'impumuro y'ibanze cyangwa impumuro idahinduka.